![]() Therefore, PhA can be expected to be an index of disease prognosis and physical health with aging. In addition, PhA decreases not only with illness but also with aging, and elderly people with low PhA have a high risk of death. PhA has been reported to be useful as a prognostic indicator in patients with advanced cancer, , ] and has also been shown to be associated with an increased relative risk of death in patients undergoing hemodialysis. BIA has also been used to estimate phase angle (PhA), which is an angular shift (phase difference) between electrical voltage and current sinusoidal waveforms indicating cell mass, cellular integrity and healthiness of cell membranes. In recent years, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has been used for estimating body composition. Therefore, risk assessment of anemia in the early stage is an important clinical issue in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). ![]() In addition, a high prevalence of mild anemia in patients with diabetes has recently been recognized and it has been shown that anemia in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an increased risk of death. It has been reported that erythropoietin (EPO) deficiency occurs early in diabetic nephropathy, and anemia is one of the common complications of diabetes and is mainly caused by diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Patients with diabetes often suffer the consequences of renal dysfunction earlier in the course of disease than do non-diabetic patients.
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